Enhanced Repellency of Binary Mixtures of Zanthoxylum armatum Seed Oil, Vanillin, and Their Aerosols to Mosquitoes Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

초록

The repellency of Zanthoxylum armatum seed oil (ZA-SO), alone or in combination with vanillin (VA), its six major constituents, and another four major previously known Zanthoxylum. piperitum fruit oil constituents, as well as aerosol products containing 5 or 10% ZA-SO and 5% VA, was evaluated against female Aedes aegypti in laboratory and field studies. Results were then compared with those of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) as a standard. Hand in cage laboratory tests showed that 0.2, 0.1, and 0.05 mg/cm(2) ZA-SO resulted in >92% protection through 30-min postexposure and was not significantly different than 0.05 mg/cm(2) DEET. Skin treated with linalool and limonene (from Z. armatum) provided >80% repellency to female Ae. aegypti at 10-min exposure, whereas cuminaldehyde, citronella!, geranyl acetate, and cuminyl alcohol (from Zanthoxylum piperitum) provided >90% protection during this same time period. Only cuminaldehyde and citronellal provided complete protection comparable to DEET at 10-min postexposure. After that time, repellency of all plant constituents to mosquitoes was considerably decreased (<approximate to 65%). An increase in repellency and duration of effectiveness was produced by a binary 1:4 mixture of ZA-SO and VA (0.05:0.2 mg/cm(2)) that was significantly more effective than 0.05 mg/cm(2) DEET through 90 min. In field tests, an aerosol formulation containing 5 or 10% ZA-SO plus 5% VA gave 100% repellency at 60-min postexposure. Although these formulations were equal to the level of protection afforded by 10% DEET, repellency to the binary ZA-SO aerosol formulations at 90 min was significantly less effective than DEET. However, mixtures formulated from ZA-SO and VA merit further study as potential repellents for protection of humans and domestic animals from biting and nuisance caused by mosquitoes.

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